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bispectral index
Bispectral index (BIS) is one of several technologies used to monitor depth of anesthesia. BIS monitors are intended to replace or supplement Guedel's classification system for determining depth of anesthesia. Titrating anesthetic agents to a specific bispectral index during general anesthesia in adults (and children over 1 year old) allows the anesthetist to adjust the amount of anesthetic agent to the needs of the patient, possibly resulting in a more rapid emergence from anesthesia. Use of the BIS monitor could reduce the incidence of intraoperative awareness during anaesthesia.〔http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg6〕 The exact details of the algorithm used to create the BIS index have not been disclosed by the company that developed it.
The reliability of BIS has been questioned, in part because its calculation does not rely on any underlying physiological model of how the brain functions, nor how awareness is generated. In addition, the BIS number is insensitive to several commonly used anaesthetic agents such as ketamine and nitrous oxide, which have different mechanisms of pharmacological action to cause the loss of awareness required in anaesthesia. On that basis, it is not so much an "awareness" monitor, as a monitor which indicates the effects of certain types of drugs.
==History==
The BIS was introduced by Aspect Medical Systems, Inc. in 1994 as a novel measure of the level of consciousness by algorithmic analysis of a patient's electroencephalogram during general anesthesia. This is used in conjunction with other physiologic monitoring such as electromyography to estimate the depth of anesthesia in order to minimize the possibility of intraoperative awareness. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared BIS monitoring in 1996 for assessing the hypnotic effects of general anesthetics and sedatives. The FDA further stated in 2003 that "...A reduction in awareness provides a public health benefit, in that BIS technology can now provide anesthestists with a way to reduce this often debilitating, yet preventable medical error". Aspect Medical was acquired by Covidien in 2009.〔http://investor.covidien.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=207592&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1352467&highlight=〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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